EMGs from representative upper-limb muscles and kinematics were recorded to extract muscle synergies and explore the composition, repeatability and similarity of spatial synergies across subjects and movement directions, in a context of high variability of motion. Methods Sixteen healthy subjects performed upper-limb hand exploration movements for a comprehensive mapping of the upper-limb workspace, which was divided into several sectors (Frontal, Right, Left, Horizontal, and Up). With the aim of future uses in motor control, rehabilitation and other fields, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of muscle synergies in a large set of upper-limb tasks and also considers inter-individual and environmental variability. Most previous studies have characterized upper-limb muscle synergies across a limited set of reaching movements. 5Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italyīackground: Recently, muscle synergy analysis has become a standard methodology for extracting coordination patterns from electromyographic (EMG) signals, and for the evaluation of motor control strategies in many contexts.4Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.3Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Costa Masnaga, Italy.2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.1Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy.Alessandro Scano 1*, Luca Dardari 2, Franco Molteni 3, Hermes Giberti 2, Lorenzo Molinari Tosatti 1 and Andrea d’Avella 4,5
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